Expansion of recycling is not a cause for unsustainability in production pattern rather it helps in alleviating worst effects.  So, 3 can’t be true.

As per passage 1 and 2 are the causes of unsustainability in production pattern. Thus answer is a.

Several clues are given Ex, ‘In some places in the world, the productivity of staples such as ‘If global temperature continue to rise, some places will become unsuitable for farming…’. Thus statement 1 is an assumption. There is No mention of corporate farming in the passage so statement 2 is not an assumption.

The passage is based on an analysis of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by natural selection.

Statement 2. This statement is talking about reason behind extinction. This is also given in fourth line of passage. However, in passage its only talking about extinction of some species(read third and fourth line together). Thus this statement is incorrect. Eliminating this Answer is C.

Darwin’s theory does not explain all the natural phenomena. There are other theories mentioned in the passage that also explain natural phenomena of universe. Thus statement 3 is wrong.

There is no drastic changes in the environment is talked on the passage. Thus statement 2 is also wrong.

Thus answer is A.

“An excessive amount of labour is rule today in every circle of society..” indicates the basic idea that how overstrain is the cause of changes in men.

The passage is based on the nature of demographic dividend.

“ .. which conversely means that the relative ratio of very young and very old will, for a while, be on the decline.”, indicates the same.

Statement 1 and 3 are not mentioned in the passage. Thus only 2 is correct.

“Perhaps some of our cares would shrink if we thought less about them.” Explains this. Rest of the options does not make sense as per the passage.

The first line of passage  – “The majority of people who fail to accumulate money sufficient for their needs…” -indicates that there will be people who fail to accumulate money for their needs.

Although option a seem similar its not as passage is talking that people fail to accumulate sufficient amount not that they did not accumulate at all.

“Scientific research is probably never completely valueless” given in the passage. Thus option c is correct.

“ …there is always a chance that the results may be of value to investigator of talent…” indicates same as option c. Thus correct answer is option c.

Option (b) is correct because the passage mentions most truthful people telling semantic lies where words contain some measure of falsehood, more or less deliberate. Option (b) is correct answer.

•  “biotechnology’s role in agriculture and the regulation of the same cannot be generation of GM crops. Instead, there is a need to take a comprehensive look, taking into account various aspects, including socio-economic impacts, so that the potential of the technology can be harnessed while minimizing negative impacts." Implies statement 1 and 3.

•  Author has not talked about participation of people or wider involvement of political executive. Statement 2 and 4 are wrong.

•  The passage talks about broader role of biotechnology.

•  The role of biotechnology is not just limited to generation of GM crops but also in developing varieties that can help in climate change mitigation and adaptation.

•  "Our urban bodies cannot possibly ensure sustainable delivery of water in our cities unless financing mechanisms are put in place." Implies financing mechanism is needed to ensure sustainable delivery of water. User charges is one such mechanism.

•  Statement 2 is wrong. Passage talks only about lack of financing mechanism of ULBs.

•  "Our urban bodies cannot possibly ensure sustainable delivery of water in our cities unless financing mechanisms are put in place." Implies water shortage can be solved with proper financing mechanism. •  Option (d) is incorrect since the passage makes no mention of overpopulation as a reason for water shortage.

•  Statement 1 is incorrect since the passage talks about having proper financing mechanisms to ensure sustainable delivery of water. Its true that rich cities can provide free water but that does not mean less prosperous cities cannot provide sustainable water.

•  Statement 1 is incorrect. Passage does not talk about small and marginal farm size being a hurdle in structural and rural transformation.

•  “Research reveals that the relative price scenario changed significantly (by more than 50%) in favour of agriculture in the wake of rising global prices. This boosted private investments in agriculture by more than 50%.” This implies statement is true.

•  There is no clear mention in the paragraph that increased global prices of agricultural products had led to the increase in the GDP growth. Thus statement 4 is incorrect.

•   As agriculture had more stake in GDP, value chain building is required. Thus statement 3 is correct.

•  The main theme of passage is poverty reduction in India and it highlights two reasons for poverty reduction: structural and rural transformation and secondly, by relative change in price scenario in wake of rising global prices which in turn boosted private investment in agriculture.

•  “Inclusive agriculture growth” can be interpreted as agriculture with structural changes where there is scope for building value chain for high value agri-products, transformation of villages, along with investment from both private and public entities.

•  Thus option d is broader compared to option c.

•  "Economic liberalization in India was shaped largely by the economic problems of the government than by the economic priorities of the people or by the long-term development objectives. Thus, there were limitations in conception and design which have been subsequently validated by experience." Indicates statement 1 is correct.

•  "Jobless growth, persistent poverty and rising inequality have mounted as problems since economic liberalization began." Indicates a need for shift in implementation of policies. Statement 2 is true.

•  “Jobless growth, persistent poverty and rising inequality have mounted as problems since economic liberalization began.” Shows globalization has created these problems.

•  Economic liberalization would not reduce these issues rather sustained economic growth will transform into meaningful development.

•  The statements in the passage “certain renewable resources are still going through their cost curves and learning curves to get the required amount of output. “and business houses are wary of investing too heavily in renewable energy at a time when the technology is not yet ready.” makes the option c the correct inference.

•  The Indian government’s commitment to reduce emission by 33 percent by 2030 shall not be solely on the basis of gas based economy but stopping burning fossil fuel and tapping the renewable sources of energy. So, statement 2 is wrong. As per UPSC answerkey statement 1 is correct.

•  Option (b) and (c) are nowhere mentioned in the passage.

•  Option (a) is not the central theme of the passage which talks about historical injustice and resistance to repair.

•  The passage clearly says that historical injustice spans across many categories like economic deprivation, social discrimination and lack of recognition.

•  So assumption 1 is not necessarily right. Assumption 2 is not explicitly stated anywhere. Hence both are invalid.

•  The passage is clearly talking about how digital data ownership is now driving trade and business advantages, and how Indian data in the hands of foreign firms is not a good idea (for India).

•  Option (a) is the central idea.

•  Option (b) is a mere fact.

•  Option (c) is wrong – the developed countries have no such right.

•  Option (d) is not entirely correct.

•  Option (b) is wrongly interpreting the passage, the poor may not have contributed to climate change, but they may have a role in mitigating it now.

•  Option (c) is a big assumption being made and may be wrong.

•  Option (d) is not mentioned anywhere. The use of “only” makes it wrong.

•  Both assumptions seem valid. " Small-holder farmers in India produce 41 percent of the country's food grains" Assumption 1 is indicated as small farms produce a lot of food and are under threat.

•  Assumption 2 is a message for India from the tone of the passage.

•  Option (b) is not relevant to this passage.

•  Option (c) is an extreme and is not stated in the passage.

•  Option (d) is wrong, as the passage indicates otherwise. "The National Farmers Commission pointed out that priority must be given in genetic modification to the incorporation of genes that can help impart resistance to drought, salinity and other stresses."

•  Answer is option (a), as the passage criticizes the approach of private corporations, and indicates what India really needs.

•  Assumption 1 is correct, as it is clearly mentioned in the passage. 

•  Assumption 2 is too broad, as it assumes that GM technology will “never” be able to do it, which may be wrong.

•   Passage says that the Right to Education focuses not on changing the mindset of parents, but focuses on changing the quality of the education that disadvantaged groups receive. It focuses on intangible changes like curricular reforms, teacher's accountability etc.

•   So only statement 3 is correct.

•   " The right to education goes beyond free and compulsory education to include quality education for all." Quality can be improved only if teachers' accountability is ensured. Thus statement 1 is true.

•   RTE promotes enrollment of children in school but 100% guarantee of enrolment is not provided.

•   Passage has no mention of demographic dividend.

•   Thus statement 2 and 3 are wrong.

•   Passage says that ensuring regular attendance is required, but not sufficient in ensuring quality education.

•   Inculcating learning through activities and discoveries falls under the Act's objectives to enhance the learning process.

•   Thus, option (d) is correct.

The theme of the passage is quality education. Thus, option (c) is the correct answer.

•   All the four statements are mentioned. Loss of topsoil is a great concern. Smaller rivers drying out (in Himalayan region) is mentioned.

•   Drying up of underground springs and rivers leading to damage to tea plantations, leading to poor agricultural production too is mentioned.

•   Soil degradation, soil erosion and soil water retention capacity all indicate that the groundwater too is adversely affected.

•   Statement 1 is mentioned.

•   Statement 2 is incorrect as salinization has many other factors.

•   Statement 3 is incorrect as the passage only talks about intense monoculture practices in India and does not specify its ill effects in Africa and South America.

•   Assumption 1 is incorrect as desertification also occurs in sub-tropical and temperate regions.

•   Assumption 2 is incorrect as deforestation will not always lead to desertification and flood but may combine with other factors that lead to flash floods and desertification.

•   Existing crop management practices are not helpful in dealing with climate change. Thus statement 3 is wrong.

•   This gives us option (b) as correct answer.

•   Assumption 1 is correct because passage talks about diversification of natural assets to cope with climate change.

•   Monocropping will lead to less homogeneity and eventually extinction of plant varieties.

•   The passage focuses on the problems with relocation of wild animals, this puts the tigers at risk of human hunting and also puts the native human population at risk.

•   So wildlife corridors are needed in which wild animals can safely travel

•   The relocation efforts have not been successful because of lack of wildlife corridors. So, statement 1 is true.

•   India has a suitable legislation that helps in saving the tiger population. Thus statement 2 is wrong.

•   The passage talks about the sensitive issue of pesticides, ecological balance and sustainability.

•   Statement 1 is extreme – “Synthetic pesticides should never be used in modern agriculture” not used in the passage.

•   Statement 1 is correct as passage says “…have been in nature for millions of years without any ill or adverse effects on the ecosystem..”

•   Statement 2 is incorrect as passage says “Synthetic pesticides are generally persistent in environment.” , not biopesticides.

•   Statement 3 is incorrect as it is not essential for biodiversity.

•   Statement 2 is not mentioned anywhere.

•   Statement 3 is wrong.

•   So, option (c) is the correct answer.

•   The passage talks about civil services and their accountability. So, option (d) is correct.

•   The theme of the passage is civil services and accountability issues. Option (d) is mentioned at the end of the passage as a means of bringing decision-making closer to people, thereby enhancing accountability.

•   The theme of the passage is religion, justice, communities, right & duties.

•   Last sentence of the passage indicates option (a) is true.

•   Main message of this passage is "balance between rights and duties is crucial to the delivery of justice in a society."

•   So, best option is (c).

•   All the three constraints are mentioned in the passage.

•   Hence, best answer is (d).

•   The first paragraph says "Energy crops compete with food production and have an impact on prices."

•   Hence statement 3 is correct.

•   Statement 2 speaks of using biomass for carbon capture and storage. This will not lead to food shortage.

•   Thus option (c) is correct.

•   Statement 1 is clearly wrong. So options (a) and (d) are eliminated.

•   Statement 2 is correct. Within limits, biomass as a fuel does not disrupt food and forest resources.

•   Statement 3 can be correct if those nascent technologies work out. Hence best answer is (c).

•   Assumption 1 is implicit in passage. Hence option (a) is correct. Assumption 2 is valid only if done improperly, not always.

•   The passage does not talk about setting up more agro based industries. So statement 1 is wrong.

•   Similarly, 4 is wrong as subsidies are not mentioned. So options (a), (c) and (d) are wrong.

•   Best answer is option (b). The passage does mention that price affordability by poor and marketing regulation is important.

•   Options (a) and (c) can be ruled out right away.

•   Option (b) mentions a fact that is not a challenge to world agriculture but to its management.

•   Option (d) is the key idea. Hence option (d) is the correct answer.

•   Statement 4 is not mentioned as a definite policy goal.

•   So options (b) and (d) are eliminated.

•   Both 1 and 3 are clearly stated. Hence option (c) is the correct answer.

•   Statement 1 and 2 both are not stated directly. Only statement 3 is relevant to passage. Hence option (b) is the correct answer.

In the passage, the author gives an account of any of his irrelevant word which comes out from his pen or mouth and the reason for this is given In the passage, as he feels hesitant to speak and this hesitation ultimately taught him to control his thoughts. So options (b), (c) and (d) are correct and option (a) does not give the correct answer of not speaking without thoughts.

According to the passage, the author has not faced any problem or being immune from any problem is that, he never spoke any word without thoughts which are mentioned clearly in the passage. So, option (a) correctly gives the cause for this.

According to the author, silence is the part of the spiritual discipline of a votary of truth. Hence, it is necessary In order to surmount the tendency to overstate.

development are not equivalent. It is not necessary that if the economic growth rate is high then development will also be high. According to the passage, for the development, an unbalanced emphasis on the growth often leads to environmental consequences and adverse distributional effects. So, option (c) is correct. Statement 1 is not related with the passage whereas Statement 3 is opposite to the moaning of the passage.

According to the passage, it an unbalanced emphasis is given on growth, it often leads to negative environmental Consequences and adverse distributional effects. Therefore, the Statement 2nd is correct So, the option (b) is the correct answer.

The Passage has given emphasis upon the saving through the use of safe reliable and alternate financial institutions so that rural people can save their money by depositing money in banks and they do not spend their savings as the consumption for this financial inclusion is must So according to the Passage, Option (d) is the correct answer.

According to the passage, the magnitude of the task and the funds required domestic finances are likely to fall short of the current and projected need of the developing countries, So according Option (a) is the correct answer.

According to the passage, climate change has posed a serious threat and issue to developing countries in particular and to the world overall, And to mitigate and adaptation methods, large finance is required. The UNFCCC, a multilateral body puts responsibility upon the developed countries to finance the developing countries for mitigation method, since developed countries have contributed maximum to the stock of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) and this has become a conflict issue between developed and developing countries. So, according to the passage, option (a) is the correct answer.

In the whole passage the author Seems to have stressed the idea that merely increasing the economic growth and development. Unless the goals of inclusive growth does not help to achieve the goals of inclusive growth are shared and distributed to all sections, there can be no development of the economy as a whole.

The author makes it clear that growth must not be treated as an end in itself but as an instrument for spreading prosperity to all. Thus the author stresses the fact that promoting growth need to be complemented with policies to ensure that more and more people join in the growth Process.

The author makes it clear in the passage that there is no implicit link between growth and poverty eradication. The author cites the example that though there is growth in an economy, but if such growth is due to the rising prosperity of the rich-section, then it fails to address the concerns of poverty eradication.

Similarly, author also shows how the growth in the economy is not leading to prosperity of all the sections. The author has shown how growth might lead to disparity and thus both the statements in question are incorrect.

The passage mentions that the impact of climate change could be varied. according to the location and nature of the crop Thus it become necessary to prepare the crops to be able to withstand such adverse oranges for this tone term investment is needed in the agriculture section. to protect the same from adverse consequences The passage hints that drought conditions and climate change might be inevitable given the direction of climate change Thus the most necessary task is to facilitate wider adaptability of crops.

The passage mentions that mitigation requires a change in the way we produce and consume. However, the economic liberalisation is not necessarily an answer to it. Mitigation of greenhouse gases require difficult steps, which involve a change in the life style.

Statement 2 seems incorrect as it fails to reduce the livestock population, which is a significant cause of greenhouse gas emission. The passage clearly mentions that there is a need to reduce the direct dependence on meat, as it would lower the livestock population required to maintain. Similarly, reducing the consumerism would help save resources and mitigate the process of climate change.

The passage discusses the various benefits that mitigation of greenhouse gases can provide. It discusses that such mitigation would reduce expenditure on public health, reduce our energy requirements and consumption and also reduce the rate of global climate change.

However, reduction in the dependence on livestock is not a result of mitigation of greenhouse gases. Rather the passage mentions it as an instrument to reduce the greenhouse gases emission.

•   The second paragraph talks about a decrease in ecosystem services, not a permanent disappearance of ecosystem services. Hence statement 2 is eliminated.

•   Loss of genetic resources, species and habitats points towards statement 1 being correct. Hence, the correct answer is option (a).

•   The first paragraph explains the need for conservation of the Himalayas and focuses on climate change as the main reason for the adverse impact on the Himalayan ecosystem. Thos best implies the need for shift towards a contemporary conservation approach.

•   The most important message of the passage is conservation and how we need to start changing our approach towards it.

•   Last line gives the answer to this question.

•   The first paragraph of the passage mentions that that 'climate change may adversely impact the Himalayan ecosystem. Thus natural reasons can affect, in addition to man-made (anthropogenic).

Under the process of globalisation, market distortions caused by government intervention are to be avoided. The government may intervene in markets for a variety of reasons, for example to conserve foreign exchange, to protect local producers from foreign competition, to guarantee a minimum wage, to encourage investment and to raise government revenue.

These interventions will involve a range of policy instruments including quantitative import restrictions, tariffs, minimum wage legislation, credit subsidies via controlled interest rates and indirect taxes. The intervention in the operation of markets will force prices away from economic values that reflect the scarcity of commodities or resources.

Thus, significant losses in economic efficiency will be created if producers and consumers respond to distorted rather than efficient prices. So, under the globalisation, government interventions are viewed as processes leading to distortions and inefficiency in the economy.

The basic philosophy of globalisation is to give absolute freedom to markets to determine prices, production and employment. In the process of globalisation, employment and wages should be governed by free play of market forces, as any measure to regulate them can discourage investment and also create inefficiency in production. Any restrictions on the adjustments in workforce by way of retrenchment of workers should also be removed and exist should be make easier by removing any restrictions on closures. So the market must be deciding factor in order to determine price, production and employment in a globalised world.

Globalisation view government interventions as processes that create distortions and bring in inefficiency. So public enterprises have to be privatised through disinvestments and sales; sectors and activities hither to reserved for the public sector have to be opened to the private sector. It will also helpful in privatisation of the social services like education and health Employment and wages should be governed by free play of market forces, as any measure to regulate them can discourage investment and also create inefficiency in production. So according to the passage, privatisation of public enterprises, free play of market forces to determine wages and employment and privatisation of social services like education and health are necessary for ensuring globalisation.

In the process of globalisation, the State should have a reducing role, because the intervention in the operation of markets will force prices away from economic values that reflect the scarcity of commodities or resources. Fiscal reforms should be undertaken to have generally law levels of taxation and government expenditure should be kept to the minimum to abide by the principle of fiscal prudence. The basic philosophy underlying globalisation also emphasises the government interventions as processes that create distortions and bring in inefficiency. So, the government or state should have a reducing role in the globalised economy.

The exercise of private greed will be in the larger public interest' refers to the false ideology of capitalism because issues like justice integrity and honesty are rarely found in the capitalist society.

Recent global banking crisis and the economic recession also proved that the exercise of private greed will not be in the larger public interest. As well as it ignores resultant gross inequity because the capitalism and the greed reinforces each other.

Net profit is only 2.2% of their total assets for central public sector undertakings which is very low than the private corporate sector. In India, our evolving development needs, comparatively less-than-satisfactory performance of the public sector, enterprises. Now, the maturing of or private sector, a much larger social base, which now available for expanding entrepreneurship and the gravity institutional capabilities to enforce competition policies would suggest that the time has come to review the role of public sector.

Rural roads are generally congestion free. Traffic generally sparse there. It makes the tolling unviable. It must be on the liability side of the balance sheet of the State

Here, profit is not available, so the private corporates are not interested to invest there. They cannot have monetary gams in this. So, the rural roads should be in the domain of public sector only otherwise, they would not exist.

The portfolio composition of the government should not remain static all times. The government should own the rural roads and also the public health capital in terms and cities come from the public sector.

The preservation and improvement of forest cover must be come under the control of public sector as it is a highly profit oriented asset. For a balance. government investment must be in different industrial sector and the portfolio composition of the government should change from time-to-time.

Multiple competing farms are located in the private sector Private ownership is clearly desirable in regulated industries whether it ranges from finance to infrastructure, where a Government agency performs the function of regulation. There is always the conflict of interest between government as an owner and as the regulator.

The formulation and implementation of competition policy will be more vigorous and fair if government companies are out of actions only indulge in regulation. So. the author prefers government as the umpire and private sector as players.

Children were indeed scared of the barking dog as the dog barked abruptly every now and then. (A dog can sometimes be dangerous )

It is clearly mentioned in the passage that she was a shy girl who perhaps had a stage fear This option completely answer the question She was not so afraid of the reaction as much as she feared giving audition in the first place.

This statement appropriately answers the question as Her bored classmates' clearly hints the correct answer.

Cynthia’s nearly died of fright - clearly states the reason for her Quaking knees So. option (a) is the best answer.

The statement is the sole reason for the transformation. So it provides the correct answer to the question. Mostly everybody feels nervous while giving audition, so it could not be the reason for the transformation. The statement occurred after Cynthia's audition. so clearly it is not the reason for the transformation. The statement does not appropriately hint the reason for transformation.

The question here asks about the view of democracy taken message of the passage. Thus option (c) is the right answer since the passage has taken view that democracy is not an essentially Western concept though its institutional from has been developed in the west.

The passage also mentions that the concept of democracy is in a muddle and that the language of imposition of democracy is inappropriate but these are not the overall views on democracy taken in the Passage.

Statement 1 is incorrect. The passage does not go into the reasons why non-Western countries have not been able to have democracy. Statement 2 is also incorrect The passage does not mention that Western countries always try to Impose democracy but instead talks about the use of the word imposition.

Statement 2 is Incorrect. The passage only says that there should be independent directors on the board but not that thou should be government is representatives Statement 3 is also incorrect. The passage talks of managers distinguishing between personal and corporate funds while making decisions but does not say that they should be debarred from investing personal funds in the company. Statement 1 Is correct. That corporate governance involves compliance with all the laws of the land is made clear in the first sentence of the passage itself.

Statement 1 Is correct. That good corporate governance leads to increase in share prices of the company is clear from the fourth sentence of the last paragraph of the passage. Statement 2 is incorrect. The relationship between business turnover and corporate governance is not made anywhere in the passage. Statement 3 is also incorrect. Corporate governance is mentioned as one of the criterions and not the main criterion for foreign institutional investors.

The passage does not talk of regular food intake or the age of five so that means that options (a) and (b) are incorrect. Option (d) is also incorrect.

The passage does not talk of giving the responsibility to adults. Option (c) is correct. This is clear from the last sentence of the passage.

Option (a) is incorrect. The fourth line of the last paragraph specifically mentions that no single policy can reduce risk without any side effect. Option (c) is also incorrect

The passage only says that there are direct and indirect measures to reduce risk and does not say that one of them can eliminate risk completely.

Option (d) is also incorrect The passage has clearly mentioned that no measure can mitigate risk completely Option (b) is correct as the inadequacy of any single policy to reduce risk is clarified in the passage as mentioned earlier.

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The third sentence of the passage mentions that weak global economic prospects and uncertainties in the international financial markets have impacted the emerging economies which would also include the financial sector by inference. Statement 3 is also correct. Sovereign risk concerns affecting India have been mentioned in the fourth sentence of the passage Statement 4 however is incorrect The passage nowhere mentions bad monsoons or crop losses and such an assumption should not be drawn based on some knowledge outside of the passage. The right answer is thus (b).

The question here asks why Indian financial markets are affected by global changes arid not about what those global changes are. It is clear from the second sentence of the passage and the examples given elsewhere in the passage that the reason for Indian financial markets getting affected by global changes is its global linkages and interaction with the global system The right answer is thus (c), since Mu other options are merely talking of specific global changes.

The answer to this question is given directly in the second sentence of the second paragraph which says 'Since the Indian financial system is bank dominated, banks' ability to withstand stress is critical to overall financial stability.

The second last sentence mentions certain trends which will be seen in the future in the Indian financial system and those are globalisation, deregulation, diversification, and consolidation. The next sentence mentions that therefore risk and liquidity management will become more important. Thus, statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct and it is because of these reasons that risk and liquidity management will become important Financial inclusion however is not mentioned in the passage and so Statement 4 is incorrect The right answer is thus (a).

The answer to this question is clear from the following line of the passage As this mineral hardens, it becomes sedimentary rock and effectively shuts out the oxygen, so preventing the complete decomposition of the marine deposits underneath". Thus, it is the becoming of rock and the shutting out of oxygen which prevents the complete decomposition of the mineral oil deposits. The right answer is thus (b).

The answer to this question is present in the last sentence of the passage. It clearly mentions that the pressure of sedimentary rocks produces heat which turns the tiny carcasses into crude oil. The right answer is thus (c).

Statement 1 is correct. The economic case is made clearly in the second sentence of the first paragraph. Statement 3 is also correct. Eutrophication due discharge of agricultural slurry is mentioned in the second to last sentence of the second paragraph. In fact eutrophication has been elaborated upon later in the third paragraph. Statement 2 however is incorrect.

While the last sentence of the first paragraph does mention that soil microorganisms can decompose organic components of agricultural slurry, nowhere it is mentioned that the same microorganisms are not present in the watercourses. The right answer is thus (c).

This answer should be clear from the last line of the first paragraph Here, it is mentioned that soil microorganisms decompose the organic components of slurry which makes nutrients available to be absorbed by the vegetation. Thus, fertiliser refers to the decomposed slurry. The previous sentence in the same paragraph also mentions that pollutant is converted into fertiliser. Thus, before Its decomposition by the soil microorganisms, the agricultural slurry was a pollutant. The right answer is thus (b).

Statement 1 s correct That agricultural slurry is a pollutant is clear from the first paragraph. It is the use of fertilisers which creates agricultural slurry. Statement 2 is incorrect Nowhere in the passage the destruction of decomposer microorganisms is mentioned Statement 3 is also correct It is clear from the last paragraph that runoff of fertilisers causes nutrient - enrichment of water bodies Statement 4 is also correct. That algal blooms are created by fertiliser use is Gear from the last paragraph.

Statement 1 is correct, That ecosystem services are lost is clear from the last sentence of the second paragraph. Statement 2 is also correct. Loss of various flora and fauna is mentioned in the first few sentences of the last Paragraph Statement 3 is incorrect. Loss of mineral nutrients due cuttural eutrophication is not mentioned anywhere 11 passage.

Statement (a) is incorrect Though the passage Inanely talks of legislation related to agricultural slurry it is not the centre theme of the passage. Option (b) is also incorrect. The passage does not talk of modern agriculture as a whole and neither does it talk of destruction of the whole of environment. Option (d) is also incorrect. The passage does not say that chemical fertilisers are undesirable or should be gotten rid of but instead mentions that they can be used smartly to avoid negative effects on the environment. Option (c) is correct. The passage revolves around the theme at disposal of agricultural slurry, its negative impact on aquatic ecosystems and their avoidance.

That option (b) is the right answer is clear from the second sentence of the passage which clearly mentions that miseries cannot be ended unless man changes his character. On the other hand, the passage makes the point that even if the problems mentioned in the other options are solved the miseries will still remain.

Statement 1 is incorrect. The passage intact mentions that providing physical and material help alone will not help in eradicating human misery until man changes his character Statement 2 is also incorrect. The last sentence of the passage clearly mentions that opening up of hospitals and charitable homes will not lead to removal of human miser)/ until the change of man's character.

The central focus of this passage is the disruption of habitat which has affected wildlife. Illegal mining is mentioned in the last line and is certainly not the central focus. Extinction of wildlife is also not directly mentioned and is only touched upon once. Conservation of nature is also only touched upon briefly and is not the central theme. The central theme which runs across the whole passage is habitat fragmentation and thus the right answer is (d).

The passage mention that mining of mineral resources and human activities are actually leading to the to the disruption of forests and their continuity so the purpose of maintaining continuity of forests is certainly not to aid theses activities further. On the other hand fragmentation of habitat is mentioned as the s 

It is clearly mentioned in the fourth sentence of the passage that Jim's parents were upset with him that he had given his expensive new bicycle though they were proud of his kindness. Thus, they were mainly worried about the expense of the bicycle and not Jim's actions. The right answer is thus (b)

The passage does not mention that they were in a hurry. It also does not mention that the next town was a hill-resort. It is also clear from the passage that they were not in a wilderness when they started for the next town. On the other hand, the distance of the next town is mentioned as only 15 km and a is also mentioned that the town offered a bed for the night. Thus, the right answer is (d)

The answer to this question is clear from the last three sentences of the passage

It is made clear in these sentences that unlimited liberty as assumed by the lady will lead to anarchy and thus for the society to work properly the liberty on person has to be adjusted with the liberties of others.

As the following lines say, "But in its deepest sense, education is not instrumentalist." Options (b), (c) and (d) are mentioned in the passage as the positive outcomes of education. Option (a) says that, "Education is functional and utilitarian", so it justifies the 'instrumentalist' view of education as mentioned in the passage.

Options (a) and (b) are outcome of education, It is correct but these cover as a result of education and fragmented views of the author. The entire passage talks about the values and foundation that education provides man, So, option (c) is correct.

Education is helpful in providing all that is mentioned in options (a), (b) and (d). It is mentioned in the passage that "Education develop self-critical awareness and independence of thought," 1.0, it is the theme of the passage So, option (c) is correct.