Q 12. India's Stance on COP28 Climate and Health Declaration (Environment and Ecology)

Q12. Consider the following statements:

Statement I: At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the 'Declaration on Climate and Health'.

Statement II: The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a binding declaration; and if signed, it becomes mandatory to decarbonize health sector.

Statement III: If India's health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its healthcare system may be compromised.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I
b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I
c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I
d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
Answer: c
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1. Correct Answer: Option C: Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I.
 2. Explanation:
     ● Statement I is correct: At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the 'Declaration on Climate and Health'. The declaration emphasizes the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to achieve health benefits, such as lower air pollution and sustainable diets.  
     ● Statement II is incorrect: The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a non-binding, voluntary political declaration. It is intended to galvanize support for action on climate change and health, serving as a call to action and a joint vision rather than a legally enforceable treaty.  
     ● Statement III is correct: India's decision not to sign the "Declaration on Climate and Health" was influenced by concerns about the practicality of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from cooling in the healthcare sector. The declaration includes points on cooling-related decarbonization, which India found challenging to implement given the need for affordable and reliable cooling in healthcare facilities, especially in rural or under-resourced areas. India feared that strict decarbonization measures could undermine the operational capacity or resilience of its healthcare system, particularly in heat-prone and underserved regions.  
     ● Conclusion: Only Statement III is correct, and it explains Statement I by highlighting India's concerns about the practicality and potential impact on healthcare resilience if the health sector were to be decarbonized as per the declaration.  
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Q 15. Nature Solutions Finance Hub Launch in Asia-Pacific (International Relations)

Q15. Which one of the following launched the Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific?

a) The Asian Development Bank (ADB)
b) The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
c) The New Development Bank (NDB)
d) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Answer: a
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1. Correct Answer: (a) The Asian Development Bank (ADB)
 2. Explanation:
     The organization that launched the Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific is the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The ADB unveiled this hub at COP28 with the goal of attracting significant investments in nature-based solutions projects across the Asia Pacific region. It aims to mobilize funding for projects that incorporate nature-based solutions to address climate change and biodiversity loss. The hub aims to attract at least $2 billion in investments.
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

Consider the following statements: Statement-I: The European Parliament approved The Net-Zero Industry Act recently. Statement-II: The European Union intends to achieve carbon neutrality by 2040 and therefore aims to develop all of its own clean technology by that time. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
Answer: c
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  • Statement I is correct: The European Parliament approved The Net-Zero Industry Act recently.
  • Statement II is incorrect: The European Union aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, not 2040, and is working towards developing its own clean technology.
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

‘Invasive species Specialist Group’ (that develops Global Invasive Species Database) belongs to which one of the following organizations?

a) The International Union for Conservation of Nature
b) The United Nations Environment Programme
c) The United Nations World Commission for Environment and Development
d) The Worldwide Fund for Nature
Answer: a
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  •   The IUCN is known for its involvement in conservation efforts, including addressing invasive species through collaborations with groups like the Invasive Species Specialist Group.
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

Which one of the following best describes the term “greenwashing”?

a) Conveying a false impression that a company’s products are eco-friendly and environmentally sound
b) Non-inclusion of ecological/environmental costs in the Annual Financial Statements of a country
c) Ignoring the disastrous ecological consequences while undertaking infrastructure development
d) Making mandatory provisions for environmental costs in a government project/programme
Answer: a
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is an initiative of the European Union. 2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets. 3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: a
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of

a) pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East.
b) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change.
c) capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
d) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals.
Answer: b
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

What is/are the importance/importances of the ‘United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification’? 1. It aims to promote effective action through innovative national programs and supportive international partnerships. 2. It has a special/particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions, and its Secretariat facilitates the allocation of major portion of financial resources of these regions. 3. It is committed to bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating the desertification. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

What is ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’?

a) It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and manage greenhouse gas emissions.
b) It is an initiative of the United Nations to offer financial incentives to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adopt eco-friendly technologies.
c) It is an inter-governmental agreement ratified by all the member countries of the United Nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to specified levels by the year 2022.
d) It is one of the multilateral REDD+ initiatives hosted by the World Bank.
Answer: a
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

With reference to ‘Agenda 21’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements: 1. It is a global action plan for sustainable development. 2. It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2012. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: a
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

Consider the following statements: 1. The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015. 2. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017. 2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2 degrees Celsius or even 1.5 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels. 3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

a) 1 and 3 only
b) 2 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting substances?

a) Bretton Woods Conference
b) Montreal Protocol
c) Kyoto Protocol
d) Nagoya Protocol
Answer: b
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

Consider the following international agreements: 1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 3. The World Heritage Convention Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity?

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: d
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

Consider the following statements regarding ‘Earth Hour’: 1. It is an initiative of UNEP and UNESCO 2. It is a movement in which the participants switch off the lights for one hour on a certain day every year. 3. It is a movement to raise the awareness about the climate change and the need to save the planet. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 and 3 only
b) 2 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?

a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference.
b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilometers from the edge of the wetland.
c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed.
d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’.
Answer: a
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes the following major categories of the ecosystem services – provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural. Which one of the following is supporting service?

a) Production of food and water
b) Control of climate and disease
c) Nutrient cycling and crop pollination
d) Maintenance of diversity
Answer: c
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty drawn at

a) United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 1972
b) UN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992
c) World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 2002
d) UN Climate Change Conference, Copenhagen, 2009
Answer: b
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

Which one of the following Union Ministries implements the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety?

a) Ministry of Science and Technology
b) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
c) Ministry of Environment and Forests
d) Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
Answer: c
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Q . ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES, PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, MOVEMENTS ETC.

Which one of the following statements is correct?

a) The First Meeting of the Parties (MOP 1) to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was held in Philippines in the year 2004
b) India is not a signatory to the Biosafety Protocol/ Convention on Biological Diversity
c) The Biosafety Protocol deals with genetically modified organisms.
d) The United States of America is member of the Biosafety Protocol/Convention on Biological Diversity
Answer: c
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