Q 18. पेरिस समझौता (2015) के अंतर्गत, भारत की जलवायु वचनबद्धताओं पर समीक्षा लिखिए तथा बताइए कि उन्हें किस प्रकार कॉप 26 (2021) में और अधिक दृढ़ता प्रदान की गई है। इस दिशा में, किस प्रकार पहली बार भारत द्वारा प्रस्तावित राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान को 2022 में अद्यतन किया गया है? (UPSC 2025,15 Marks,250 Words)

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India's climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) aimed to reduce emissions intensity by 33-35% by 2030. At COP26 (2021), India pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, enhancing its climate goals. In 2022, India's updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) included a target to increase non-fossil energy capacity to 50% by 2030. Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the importance of sustainable development, aligning with global efforts to combat climate change.

India's Climate Commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015):
  ● Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):  
        ○ India committed to reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030 from 2005 levels.
        ○ Aimed to achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
        ○ Pledged to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.
  ● Renewable Energy Targets:  
        ○ Set a target of 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, which includes 100 GW from solar energy and 60 GW from wind energy.
 Strengthening of Commitments in COP26 (2021):
  ● Panchamrit Strategy:  
        ○ Announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, this strategy includes five key commitments:
      ● 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030.  
      ● 50% of energy requirements to be met from renewable sources by 2030.  
          ○ Reduction of total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030.
          ○ Reduction of the carbon intensity of the economy by 45% by 2030, compared to 2005 levels.
          ○ Achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.
  ● International Solar Alliance (ISA):  
        ○ India continued to lead the ISA, promoting solar energy adoption globally, which aligns with its commitment to renewable energy expansion.
 Update of Nationally Determined Contribution in 2022:
  ● Enhanced Targets:  
        ○ India updated its NDCs to reflect the commitments made at COP26, including the 45% reduction in emissions intensity and the 500 GW non-fossil fuel energy capacity target.
  ● Focus on Adaptation and Resilience:  
        ○ Emphasized enhancing climate resilience and adaptation measures, particularly in vulnerable sectors like agriculture and water resources.
  ● Green Hydrogen Mission:  
        ○ Launched initiatives to promote green hydrogen as a clean energy source, aiming to position India as a global hub for green hydrogen production.
  ● Sustainable Lifestyles:  
        ○ Promoted the concept of 'Lifestyle for Environment' (LiFE), encouraging sustainable consumption patterns and reducing carbon footprints at the individual and community levels.
  ● Financial and Technological Support:  
        ○ Called for enhanced international cooperation and support in terms of finance and technology transfer to achieve these ambitious targets.

India's climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) have been significantly bolstered at COP26 (2021), with a pledge to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. The first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) was updated in 2022, targeting a 45% reduction in emissions intensity by 2030. Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized, "India is moving forward with a great deal of courage and ambition." A robust focus on renewable energy and sustainable practices is crucial for achieving these goals.