Q 9. Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the State? Explain. (UPSC 2025, 10 Marks, 150 Words)

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Terrorism, as defined by the United Nations, is the use of violence to instill fear for political ends. In India, it has manifested through insurgencies in Kashmir, Maoist movements, and attacks like the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The state has countered these threats with measures like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, strengthening intelligence, and international cooperation. Thinkers like Noam Chomsky emphasize addressing root causes to effectively combat terrorism.

Manifestation of Terrorism in India:
  ● Cross-Border Terrorism:  
    ● Jammu and Kashmir: Persistent infiltration and attacks by groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed. The Pulwama attack in 2019, where a convoy of security personnel was targeted, is a notable example. 
  ● Left-Wing Extremism:  
    ● Naxalite Movement: Active in states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha. The Dantewada attack in 2013, where several security personnel were killed, highlights the threat.  
  ● Religious Extremism:  
    ● Indian Mujahideen: Responsible for several bombings in urban areas, such as the 2008 Delhi bombings.  
    ● Radicalization: Instances of youth being radicalized through online platforms, influenced by global terror outfits like ISIS.  
  ● Insurgency in the Northeast:  
        ○ Groups like the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) and National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) have been involved in violent activities, including bombings and kidnappings.
 Counter Measures Adopted by the State:
  ● Legislative Measures:  
    ● Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA): Strengthened to allow for more stringent action against individuals and organizations involved in terrorism.  
    ● National Investigation Agency (NIA): Established to investigate and prosecute offenses related to terrorism.  
  ● Security and Intelligence:  
    ● Multi-Agency Centre (MAC): Facilitates intelligence sharing among various agencies.  
    ● Operation All-Out: A coordinated effort to eliminate terrorist activities in Jammu and Kashmir.  
  ● Developmental Initiatives:  
    ● Aspirational Districts Programme: Targets socio-economic development in regions affected by left-wing extremism.  
    ● Skill Development Programs: Aimed at providing employment opportunities to youth in insurgency-prone areas.  
  ● International Cooperation:  
    ● Bilateral Agreements: Collaborations with countries like the United States and Israel for intelligence sharing and counter-terrorism training.  
    ● Participation in Global Forums: Active involvement in platforms like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to curb terror financing.  
  ● Community Engagement:  
    ● De-radicalization Programs: Initiatives to engage with communities and prevent radicalization, especially among the youth.  
    ● Public Awareness Campaigns: Efforts to educate citizens about the dangers of terrorism and the importance of national security.  

Terrorism in India has manifested through attacks by groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba and Maoist insurgents. Notable incidents include the 2008 Mumbai attacks and ongoing Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. The Indian government has adopted countermeasures like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and enhanced intelligence sharing. Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized, "Terrorism is a threat to humanity." A way forward involves strengthening international cooperation and community engagement to combat radicalization and ensure security.