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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (q) Comparative functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates: integument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, locomotory organs, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including heart and aortic arches, urino-genital system, brain, and sense organs (eye and ear)

    • Comparative Functional Anatomy of Various Systems of Vertebrates
      • Define immunity. Explain cell-mediated immune response in vertebrates with suitable diagram.
      • Explain countercurrent mechanism of urine concentration in the kidneys of higher vertebrates.
      • Comment on the evolutionary change in the proportion of limbic system versus cerebral hemisphere in vertebrates.
      • Through a comparative chart, give an account of accessory sex glands in the male vertebrate animal types such as dogfish, frog, lizard, pigeon and rabbit.
      • Digital tips in Vertebrates.
      • Illustrated account of the types of kidneys of vertebrates.
      • Give a comparative account of the central nervous system of vertebrates.
    • Integument and Its Derivatives
      • Give an illustrated account of integument and its derivatives in vertebrates with suitable diagrams.
      • Enlist any five hard derivatives of vertebrate integumentary system. Give an account on various types of horns and antlers in mammals giving examples and diagrams.
      • Glands in vertebrates as integumentary derivatives.
      • Integument and its derivatives in vertebrates.
    • Endoskeleton
      • Describe the perivisceral coelom and endoskeleton of Asterias.
      • Enumerate the functions and main components of endoskeleton of vertebrates. Give an account on the types of jaw suspensoria with suitable diagrams.
      • Enumerate functions and main components of endoskeleton of vertebrates. Give an account of types of jaw suspensoria in vertebrates with suitable diagrams.
      • Enumerate functions and main components of endoskeleton of vertebrates. Give an account of types of jaw suspensorium in vertebrates with suitable diagrams.
    • Locomotory Organs
    • Digestive System
      • Highlight role of various hormones in the regulation of digestive secretions.
      • Briefly write about hormonal control of digestive secretions in humans.
      • Tabulate and describe the digestive enzymes, their occurrence, substrates and end products.
      • Compare the structure and function of uricotelic and ureotelic kidneys with suitable examples and diagrams.
    • Respiratory System
      • Give an account of gills and accessory respiratory organs in vertebrates with suitable examples.
      • Give an account of gills and accessory respiratory organs in vertebrates with suitable examples.
      • Draw a well-labelled diagram of respiratory system of Scoliodon and explain the mechanism of respiration.
      • Give an account of the respiratory organs and mechanism of respiration in different groups of molluscs.
    • Circulatory System (Including Heart and Aortic Arches)
      • Give a comparative account of heart in vertebrates with the help of diagrams only (no description required).
      • Give a comparative account of the aortic arches in vertebrates.
      • Define double circulation. Give a comparative account of heart in reptiles, birds and mammals.
      • Give an account of aortic arches in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
      • Give a comparative account of aortic arches in different vertebrates with suitable illustrations.
      • Give an account of evolution of aortic arches in reptiles, birds and mammals.
      • With the help of labelled diagrams describe the embryonic disposition and modification of aortic arches in different vertebrates.
      • With the help of labelled diagrams describe the embryonic disposition and modification of aortic arches in different vertebrates.
      • Enumerate the anatomical and physiological changes that occur in a venous heart during vertebrate evolution leading to emergence of heart with separate chambers for arterial and venous blood and a pacesetter mechanism.
      • Give an account of the aortic arches of vertebrates.
      • Comparison of hearts of pigeon and rabbit.
      • Compare the hearts of vertebrates and mode of circulation of blood with special reference to that in mammals.
    • Urino-Genital System
      • Describe urinogenital system in both the sexes of Amniotes with the help of diagrams only (No description is required).
      • Describe the structure of a mammalian nephron and explain how urine is formed.
    • Brain
      • Compare and contrast Telencephalon of the brain in Vertebrates.
      • Draw a well-labelled diagram of avian brain.
      • Describe the functional anatomy of cochlea with suitable diagram. Write down the functions of organ of Corti.
      • Compare the functional anatomy of the brain in Calotes, Columba and Oryctolagus.
    • Sense Organs (Eye and Ear)
      • Structure of internal ear in mammals.
      • Describe the organogenesis of eye.
      • Describe the process of organogenesis of vertebrate eye.
      • Draw a well-labelled diagram of the internal ear of a rabbit. Comment upon the functions of each part.
      • Structure, arrangement and role of photoreceptors in the mammalian eye.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Non-chordata and Chordata
  5. (q) Comparative functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates: integument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, locomotory organs, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including heart and aortic arches, urino-genital system, brain, and sense organs (eye and ear)
  6. Circulatory System (Including Heart and Aortic Arches)

Give an account of aortic arches in reptiles, birds, and mammals. (UPSC 2020, 15 Marks, )

  1. Posted by: Synopsis IAS
  2. Posted on:31 July 2025
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सरीसृपों, पक्षियों और स्तनधारियों में महाधमनी चापों का वर्णन करें। (Give an account of aortic arches in reptiles, birds, and mammals.)
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