Charles F. Richter developed the Richter scale in 1935, which is a logarithmic scale that measures the magnitude of seismic waves. He defined the magnitude as the logarithm of the maximum seismic wave amplitude recorded on a seismogram.

Volcanic eruptions are natural phenomena that occur worldwide, impacting both the local and regional environment. In 2021, several volcanic eruptions took place across the globe, each with its own unique consequences on the surrounding areas.

As per Alexander von Humboldt, Volcanic eruptions are phenomena resulting from the Earth's internal fire, influencing climate and geological formations.

India is highly vulnerable to earthquake-related hazards due to its location in a seismically active zone. The country is situated on the Indian Plate, which is colliding with the Eurasian Plate, resulting in frequent seismic activity.

Susan Hough focused on the social and psychological aspects of earthquakes, highlighting the need for effective communication and preparedness measures to reduce the societal impacts of earthquakes.

John Tuzo Wilson developed the Plate Tectonics Theory, focusing on the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates. He explained how earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.