•   The first Partition of Bengal (1905) was a territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency by British Raj.

•   The reorganization separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas.

•   It was announced on 19 July 1905 by Lord Curzon (Viceroy of India) and implemented on 16 October 1905.

•   It was undone (partition was revoked) 6 years later in 1911 and also the capital was then shifted to Delhi..

•   The nationalists saw the partition as a deliberate attempt to divide Bengal on religious grounds.

•   This divide-and-conquer strategy sparked the Swadeshi movement.

•   The movement opposed the 1905 Partition of Bengal, which was ordered by Lord Curzon.

•   The Anti-Partition Movement was initiated on 7 August 1905.

•   On that day, a massive demonstration against the partition was organized in the Town Hall in Calcutta.

•   Revolutionary groups in form of local clubs grew.

•   Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar Party made attempts of arm revolts and assassination of notorious administrators.

•   The trio of Lal-Bal-Pal organized several samitis.

•   Bal Gangadhar Tilak led Ganesh Utsav as a means to popularize use and consumption of indigenous products.

•   On 15 August 1906, a National Council of Education was set up.

•   A National College with Aurobindo Ghose as principal was started in Calcutta.

•   Many textile mills, soap and match factories, handloom weaving concerns, national banks, and insurance companies were opened.

•   Muslims led by the Nawab Sallimullah of Dhaka supported the partition and Hindus opposed it

•   As the Swadeshi movement was tied to anti-partition agenda and glorified the Hindu history of the region, many Muslims felt concerned.

•   In 1906, the All India Muslim League was founded at Dacca through the initiative of Nawab Salimullah.

•   The traditional and reformist Muslim groups (the Faraizi, Wahabi and Taiyuni) supported the partition.

•   The movement was one of Gandhi’s first organized acts of large scale Satyagraha.

•   The Non-cooperation movement was a political campaign launched on 5 September 1920, by Mahatma Gandhi

•   The main aim was to revoke their cooperation from the British government, with the aim of inducing the British to grant self-governance.

•   This came as result of the Indian National Congress (INC) standing against Rowlatt Act of 18 March 1919.

•   The act suspended the rights of political prisoners in sedition trials.

•   This was the same act which led to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 13 April 1919.

•   The Non cooperation movement progressed through non-violent means, or Ahimsa.

•   Protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts, and picket liquor shops.

•   They promoted self-reliance by spinning khadi, buying Indian-made goods only, and boycotting British goods.

•   The main methodology was following:

o  Protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts (by spinning khadi, etc.), and picket liquor shops.

o  All offices and factories would be closed;

o  Indians would be encouraged to withdraw from Raj-sponsored schools, police services, the military, and the civil service, and lawyers were asked to leave the Raj's courts;

o  Public transportation and English-manufactured goods, especially clothing, was boycotted; and

o  Indians returned honours and titles given by the government and resigned from various posts like teachers, lawyers, civil and military services.

•   Gandhi's non-cooperation movement also called for the restoration of the Khilafat (Khilafat movement) in Turkey and the end to untouchability.

•   Khilafat was a pan-Islamist political protest campaign launched by Muslims of British India led by Shaukat Ali, Maulana Mohammad Ali, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Abul Kalam Azad to restore the caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate.

•   Though intended to be non-violent, the Khilafat-Noncooperation movement was eventually called off by Gandhi in February 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident, in which numerous policemen were murdered by a mob at Chauri Chaura, United Provinces.

•   Also, the Turkish nationalists dealt the final blow to the Khilafat movement by abolishing the Ottoman sultanate in 1922 and the caliphate in 1924.

•   As per Lahore Congress session’s based decision, Gandhi presented the government with 11 demands and gave a deadline of January 31, 1930 to accept or reject these demands.

•   With no positive response from the government to these demands, M.K. Gandhi formally launched the Civil Disobedience Movement on April 6, 1930.

•   He picked a handful of salt after completing the historic 'Dandi March' (Gandhi set out on foot from the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad with 78 other Ashram members for Dandi), violating the government's salt law.

•   The Civil Disobedience Movement spread across the country and the defiance of the salt law was performed at several places.

•   The methodology involved were:

o  Defiance of the salt law.

o  Non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas;

o  No-chowkidari-tax campaign in zamindari areas; and

o  Violation of forest laws in the Central Provinces.

o  Students, women, tribals, merchants and petty traders, workers and peasants from all walks of life were all involved in the CDM.

•   Defiance of the salt law at various places by important leaders:

o  C Rajagopalachari led the Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu,

o  K Kelappan in Malabar, and

o  Sarojini Naidu and Manilal Gandhi in Dharasana Salt Works (Gujarat).

•   Later as agreed under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhi decided to suspend the civil disobedience movement.