•   Statement 1 is wrong: The first Mongol invasion of India took place in the reign of Sultan Shams-ud-din lltutmish in 1221 AD.

•   Kindly refer to the 2021 question:

• It was during the reign of Iltutmish that Chengiz Khan reached the Indus in pursuit of the fugitive Khwarezm prince.

•   Kindly refer to the 2001 question:

o  Q. The Mongols under Chengez Khan invaded India during the reign of: (Ans c – Iltutmish)

•   Statement 3 is wrong: Mohammed-bin-Tughluq’s national treasure had a great burden due to the policy of huge presents given to Tamashirin, the Mongol leader to avoid Mongol Invasion.

•   Gunpowder was introduced in India through the invasion of Mongols.

•   Jalal-ud-din Khalji, also known as Firuz-Al-Din Khalji or Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder and first Sultan of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1290 to 1320.

•   Mongol invasion during the reign of Jalal-ud-din Khalji took place in 1292 A.D. The Mongols, under the command of a grandson of Hulagu, Abdullah attacked Punjab and reached near Sanam. Jalal-ud-din marched against them personally and reached the banks of the river Indus.

•   In 1296 A.D. Ala-ud-din Khalji succeeded Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji.

•   He captured Ranthambore and killed Hamir Deva its ruler.

•   He also captured Malwa, Chittor, Dhar, Mandu, Ujjain, Marwar, Chanderi and Jalor.

•   He was the first Sultan who attacked South India.

•   He sent his confidante and general Malik Kafur against the rulers of the south.

•   He constructed a mosque in Rameswaram.

•   The kingdoms of the south acknowledged the power of Alauddin Khilji and paid his monetary tributes.

•   Ala-ud-din successfully resisted the Mongol invasion more than 12 times.

•   During the invasion in 1299, An army of 12,000 Mangols under Targhi's leadership moved to Delhi in a swift attack; many governors could not send their troops to Delhi in time. Alauddin Khilji continued to hold the fortress at Siri; Targhi withdrew the siege after a few months and left the area. Barani, a contemporary historian at that time, attributed this "marvel" to the prayers of the Sufi mystic Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.

•   Ala-ud-din followed the Divine Right Theory of Kingship.

•   He introduced four ordinances to prevent repeated revolts.

•   He impounded pious grants and free grants of lands

•   He restructured the spy system.

•   He banned social parties and wine.

•   He introduced a permanent standing army.

•   He started the system of branding of horses and descriptive roster of individual soldiers to inhibit corruption.

•   He fixed the prices of necessary commodities which were below the normal market rates.

•   He strictly prohibited black marketing.

•   Revenue was collected in cash and not in kind.

•   He followed discriminatory policies towards the Hindus and imposed the Jizya, a grazing tax and a house tax on the Hindu community.

•   In 1325 A.D. Junakhan, the crown prince sworn the title Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.

•   Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq stood for the administrative and political unity of India.

•   In 1327 A.D. he captured Warangal.

Domestic Policies of Muhammad-bin-Tughluq:

•   To fill the empty treasury, he raised taxes in the Doab region.

•   Many people ran away to the forests to avoid heavy taxes due to which cultivation was neglected and severe food shortage occurred.

•   He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri to protect his capital.

•   He introduced the copper currency system.

•   The value of coins dropped; hence he had to withdraw the copper token currency.

•   To conquer Khurasan, Iraq, and Transoxiana, he raised an army of 3,70,000 men.

•   Mohammed-bin-Tughluq’s national treasure had a great burden due to the policy of huge presents given to Tamashirin, the Mongol leader to avoid Mongol Invasion.

•   The decline of the Delhi Sultanate is claimed due to his hasty decisions and defective policy implementation.