Ancient Indian sculpture, deeply intertwined with religious and cultural influences, reflects the subcontinent's rich diversity. According to art historian Ananda Coomaraswamy, Indian art is a "visual theology," where Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism played pivotal roles. The Mauryan and Gupta periods, for instance, saw the flourishing of distinct styles, as regional beliefs and practices shaped artistic expressions, contributing to a mosaic of sculptural diversity across India.

The Khajuraho temples, built between 950 and 1050 AD by the Chandela dynasty, epitomize the intricate fusion of sensuality and spirituality. Art historian Stella Kramrisch describes these sculptures as a celebration of life, where the erotic art symbolizes the divine union of the human and the cosmic. With over 20 surviving temples, Khajuraho's art reflects the Tantric philosophy, emphasizing the integration of physical and spiritual realms, thus offering a holistic view of existence.

During the medieval period, North and South Indian sculpture evolved distinctively, reflecting regional cultural influences. Ananda Coomaraswamy, a prominent art historian, noted the intricate ornamentation in South Indian sculptures, contrasting with the more geometric and linear forms of the North. While South India emphasized Dravidian temple architecture with elaborate carvings, North India showcased Nagara style with a focus on iconography. These differences highlight the diverse artistic expressions shaped by local traditions and religious themes.

The colonial period in India marked a significant transformation in traditional sculpture practices, as the introduction of new materials like plaster of Paris and techniques such as mold casting challenged indigenous methods. Thinkers like Ananda Coomaraswamy highlighted the erosion of cultural identity, while sculptors adapted by integrating Western styles, leading to a fusion of artistic expressions. This era posed challenges of cultural preservation amidst modernization.