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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • Geology Optional 2025 Paper With Solution

    • Geology Optional 2025 Paper 1 With Solution
      • Discuss the position of Astroid belt within the solar system and comment on the composition of meteorites.
      • What are sheath folds? Discuss the deformational conditions of their formation.
      • What is Global Positioning System (GPS)? Explain its geological applications.
      • Discuss the statement giving suitable examples. "Physical weathering adds to the effectiveness of Chemical weathering".
      • Discuss the types of Penetrative and Non-penetrative lineations with the help of suitable diagrams and throw light on their genesis.
      • What do you understand by continental drift? Discuss various geological evidences in favour of continental drift.
      • Geomorphic diversity is controlled by a number of endogenic and exogenic processes. Discuss this statement.
      • Describe morphotectonic features characteristic of rejuvenation in a mountaineous terrain.
      • Waves are responsible for modifying the coastal geomorphology. Justify the statement giving suitable examples and neat diagrams.
      • Explain how the Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) may help in delineation of Groundwater potential zone?
      • Using neat sketches describe various types of Thrust geometries formed in a compressional regime.
      • On the basis of dip isogons describe the classification of folds with neat diagrams.
      • What are volcanoes? Describe various causes and products of volcanism.
      • How does strain analysis help in understanding the nature of rock deformation? Discuss centre to centre method of estimation of two dimensional strain.
      • Discuss favourable conditions for fossilization.
      • Discuss different concepts of biozonation with neat diagrams.
      • Describe the lithology, type locality, age and depositional environment of Blaini Boulder Bed.
      • What engineering properties make Marble, Sandstone and Granite useful as building stone?
      • Explain different generic types of water and their significance in water supply.
      • Discuss the evolutionary lineage of Equidae and comment on its migration.
      • Give the lithostratigraphic classification and distribution of Delhi Supergroup. Also comment on the economic significance of this supergroup.
      • What are different types of wells used for the extraction of groundwater? How and why the well field should be protected?
      • What do you understand by boundary problems in stratigraphy? Discuss Cretaceous/Palaeogene (Cretaceous/Tertiary) boundary problem giving Indian examples.
      • What are the important groups of microfossils? Add notes on their composition and significance.
      • Why Earthquake resistant structures are needed? Discuss the geological considerations required for developing the Earthquake resistant structures.
      • Discuss the interrelationship amongst Porosity, Permeability and Hydraulic conductivity. How are they important in groundwater movement? A sediment sample with a cross-sectional area of 0.02 m² is tested in a permeameter with a length of 30 cm. Water flows through the sample at a rate of 0.08 m³/sec with a head difference (h₁–h₂) of 20 cm. Calculate the Hydraulic conductivity.
      • Describe important Lower Gondwana plant fossils with the help of neat diagrams and comment on their palaeobiogeographic significance.
      • Discuss the lithology, fossil content and age of Palaeozoic sequence of Spiti Basin of Himachal Pradesh.
    • Geology Optional 2025 Paper 2 With Solution
      • Describe the symmetry elements shown by the normal class of the orthorhombic system. What are the different forms for this class? Draw the sketch stereogram of the form (hkl). Give examples of two minerals that crystallize in this system.
      • Discuss in brief the characteristic optical properties of hornblende and augite under petrological microscope.
      • Draw a neat labelled diagram for perthite texture. Explain the formation of perthite with the help of a suitable phase diagram.
      • With the help of diagrams, describe the various diagenetic textures of carbonate rocks.
      • Describe ultrahigh-pressure and ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism.
      • Give a detailed account related to the classification of crystals into different crystallographic systems based on symmetry elements.
      • Describe the structure of the pyroxene group of minerals with suitable diagrams. Discuss the chemical compositions and optical properties of orthopyroxene.
      • Describe the structural classification of silicates with neat sketches. Give one example for each type.
      • What are migmatites? Describe the important types of migmatites and the processes of their formation.
      • Draw a neat labelled sketch for the albite-anorthite phase diagram (1 atm, dry). Trace the course of crystallization of an initial melt Ab20-An80 within this system. How can you interpret zoning in plagioclase with this system?
      • Briefly write on the characteristics of I, S, M and A type granites. Elucidate the petrographic and petrogenetic attributes for each type.
      • Write a brief account on the Deccan Flood Basalt Volcanism in India.
      • Discuss the genesis of any four sedimentary structures which are helpful in palaeocurrent analysis. How are the palaeocurrent patterns helpful in establishing the depositional environment?
      • Discuss the concept of facies model and give a brief account of deltaic facies model.
      • What are conglomerates? Describe their fabrics, classification and geological significance.
      • What do you understand by metallogenic epochs and provinces? Discuss any two major metallogenies in India.
      • Discuss the mode of occurrence, origin and distribution of gold deposits in India.
      • What do you understand by 'pathfinder' elements? What are the elements/ions used in the prospecting of sulphides of epigenetic origin, porphyry copper deposit and sulphide deposits in general?
      • Define gravitation. What are the corrections necessary to obtain the absolute value of gravity (g) while using gravity method in mineral exploration?
      • What are the major components of chondrites? Discuss the mineralogical and textural features, and significance of chondrites.
      • Give an account of geology, mode of occurrence, genesis and distribution of Pb-Zn deposits of Aravalli region.
      • Give the distribution of petroliferous basins of India. Discuss the geology of Cambay Basin.
      • Give a brief account on the volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit. Cite suitable Indian examples.
      • Discuss the direct and indirect geochemical methods used for prospecting of hydrocarbon deposits.
      • What are the physiological and morphological changes of the plants helpful in geobotanical prospecting of copper, manganese and uranium deposits? Add a note on commonly found plant indicators for zinc.
      • What do you understand by 'tonnage factor'? Discuss the geometric and graphic methods used in reserve calculation.
      • What do you understand by isomorphism and polymorphism? Discuss monotropy by citing example of diamond and graphite.
      • What are the most important conditions necessary for safe disposal of radioactive waste in geological repositories? Add a note on the concept of multiple barriers to protect biosphere and hydrosphere. (Give suitable diagrams wherever necessary.)
      • What are the major environmental considerations while treating with the disseminated precious metal mine waste?
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Geology Optional
  4. Geology Optional 2025 Paper With Solution
  5. Geology Optional 2025 Paper 2 With Solution

Q 1(a). Describe the symmetry elements shown by the normal class of the orthorhombic system. What are the different forms for this class? Draw the sketch stereogram of the form (hkl). Give examples of two minerals that crystallize in this system. (UPSC 2025, 10 Marks, 150 Words)

विषमलम्बाक्ष समुदाय के सामान्य वर्ग में विद्यमान सममिति तत्त्वों का वर्णन कीजिए। इस वर्ग में विभिन्न रूप क्या हैं? एक त्रिविम प्रक्षेप (स्टीरियोग्राफिक प्रोजेक्शन) आरेख पर (hkl) स्वरूप को आलेखित कीजिए। दो खनिजों के उदाहरण दीजिए जिनका क्रिस्टलीकरण इस समुदाय में होता है।
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Q 1(b). Discuss in brief the characteristic optical properties of hornblende and augite under petrological microscope. (UPSC 2025, 10 Marks, 150 Words)

हॉर्नब्लेंड और अगाइट के शैलविज्ञान सूक्ष्मदर्शी प्रकाशीय लक्षणात्मक गुणों की संक्षेप में विवेचना कीजिए।
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Introduction
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Q 1(c). Draw a neat labelled diagram for perthite texture. Explain the formation of perthite with the help of a suitable phase diagram. (UPSC 2025, 10 Marks, 150 Words)

परथिटिक गठन का स्वच्छ नामांकित चित्र अंकित कीजिए। समुचित फेज आरेख की सहायता से परथाइट बनने की प्रक्रिया समझाइए।
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Q 1(d). With the help of diagrams, describe the various diagenetic textures of carbonate rocks. (UPSC 2025, 10 Marks, 150 Words)

कार्बोनेट शैलों के विभिन्न प्रसंघाती गठनों का सचित्र वर्णन कीजिए।
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Q 1(e). Describe ultrahigh-pressure and ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism. (UPSC 2025, 10 Marks, 150 Words)

अतिउच्च दाबीय एवं अतिउच्च तापीय कायान्तरण का वर्णन कीजिए।
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Q 2(a). Give a detailed account related to the classification of crystals into different crystallographic systems based on symmetry elements. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

सममिति तत्त्वों के आधार पर विभिन्न क्रिस्टलीय प्रणालियों में क्रिस्टलों के वर्गीकरण का विस्तृत वर्णन कीजिए।
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Q 2(b). Describe the structure of the pyroxene group of minerals with suitable diagrams. Discuss the chemical compositions and optical properties of orthopyroxene. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

पाइरॉक्सीन समुदाय के खनिजों की संरचना का उपयुक्त चित्र सहित वर्णन कीजिए। ऑर्थोपाइरॉक्सीन के रासायनिक संघटन और प्रकाशीय गुणों की विवेचना कीजिए।
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Q 2(c). Describe the structural classification of silicates with neat sketches. Give one example for each type. (UPSC 2025, 20 Marks, 250 Words)

सिलिकेट के संरचनात्मक वर्गीकरण का सुस्पष्ट चित्र सहित वर्णन कीजिए। प्रत्येक प्रकार का एक उदाहरण दीजिए।
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Q 3(a). What are migmatites? Describe the important types of migmatites and the processes of their formation. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

मिग्मेटाइट क्या होते हैं? मिग्मेटाइट के महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रकारों तथा उनके बनने की प्रक्रियाओं का वर्णन कीजिए।
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Introduction
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Q 3(b). Draw a neat labelled sketch for the albite-anorthite phase diagram (1 atm, dry). Trace the course of crystallization of an initial melt Ab20-An80 within this system. How can you interpret zoning in plagioclase with this system? (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

स्वच्छ नामांकित आरेख की सहायता से ऐल्बाइट-ऐनॉर्थांइट का कलीय चित्र (1 वायुमंडलीय दाब, शुष्क) दर्शाइए। एक प्रारंभिक गलित जिसमें Ab20-An80 है, उसके क्रिस्टलीभवन पथ का इस पद्धति में अनुरेखण कीजिए। इस पद्धति में प्लेजिओक्लेस के मंडलन की व्याख्या कैसे की जा सकती है?
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Q 3(c)(i). Briefly write on the characteristics of I, S, M and A type granites. Elucidate the petrographic and petrogenetic attributes for each type. (UPSC 2025, 12 Marks, 150 Words)

I, S, M और A प्रकार के ग्रेनाइट की विशेषताओं को संक्षेप में लिखिए। प्रत्येक की पेट्रोग्राफिक व पेट्रोजेनेटिक विशेषताओं पर प्रकाश डालिए।
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Introduction
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Q 3(c)(ii). Write a brief account on the Deccan Flood Basalt Volcanism in India. (UPSC 2025, 8 Marks, 100 Words)

भारत के डेक्कन फ्लड बेसाल्ट ज्वालामुखी क्रिया का संक्षिप्त विवरण लिखिए।
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Q 4(a). Discuss the genesis of any four sedimentary structures which are helpful in palaeocurrent analysis. How are the palaeocurrent patterns helpful in establishing the depositional environment? (UPSC 2025, 20 Marks, 250 Words)

पुरातरंग विश्लेषण में उपयोगी किन्हीं चार अवसादी संरचनाओं की उत्पत्ति का वर्णन कीजिए। निक्षेपण पर्यावरण संस्थापित करने में पुरातरंग प्रतिरूप किस प्रकार सहायक होते हैं?
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Introduction
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Q 4(b). Discuss the concept of facies model and give a brief account of deltaic facies model. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

संलक्षणी (फेशीज) मॉडल की संकल्पना की विवेचना कीजिए तथा डेल्टा संलक्षणी मॉडल का संक्षिप्त वर्णन कीजिए।
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Q 4(c). What are conglomerates? Describe their fabrics, classification and geological significance. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

संगुटिकाश्म क्या होते हैं? उनके संविन्यास, वर्गीकरण एवं भूवैज्ञानिक महत्त्व का वर्णन कीजिए।
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Q 5(a). What do you understand by metallogenic epochs and provinces? Discuss any two major metallogenies in India. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

धातुजननिक युग व प्रान्तों से आप क्या समझते हैं? भारत के किन्हीं दो प्रमुख धातुजनन की विवेचना कीजिए।
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Q 5(b). Discuss the mode of occurrence, origin and distribution of gold deposits in India. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

भारत के स्वर्ण भंडारों की उपस्थिति शैली, उत्पत्ति एवं वितरण पर चर्चा कीजिए।
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Introduction
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Q 5(c). What do you understand by 'pathfinder' elements? What are the elements/ions used in the prospecting of sulphides of epigenetic origin, porphyry copper deposit and sulphide deposits in general? (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

'खोजीय' तत्त्वों से आप क्या समझते हैं? कौन-से तत्त्व/आयन पश्चजनित सल्फाइड, पॉरफिरी ताम्र निक्षेप और गंधकीय निक्षेपों को खोजने में सहायक होते हैं?
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Q 5(d). Define gravitation. What are the corrections necessary to obtain the absolute value of gravity (g) while using gravity method in mineral exploration? (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

गुरुत्वाकर्षण को परिभाषित कीजिए। खनिज अन्वेषण में गुरुत्वाकर्षीय विधि में कौन-से सुधार आवश्यक होते हैं जिनसे गुरुत्व (g) का परिशुद्ध मान प्राप्त किया जा सके?
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Q 5(e). What are the major components of chondrites? Discuss the mineralogical and textural features, and significance of chondrites. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

कॉन्ड्राइटों के प्रमुख अवयव कौन-से हैं? कॉन्ड्राइटों के खनिजीय व गठनीय अभिलक्षणों की चर्चा करते हुए उनके महत्त्व पर प्रकाश डालिए।
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Introduction
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Q 6(a). Give an account of geology, mode of occurrence, genesis and distribution of Pb-Zn deposits of Aravalli region. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

अरावली क्षेत्र में पाए जाने वाले सीसा-जस्ता (Pb-Zn) भंडारों के भूविज्ञान, उपस्थिति शैली, उत्पत्ति तथा वितरण का वर्णन कीजिए।
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Q 6(b). Give the distribution of petroliferous basins of India. Discuss the geology of Cambay Basin. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

भारत के पेट्रोलियमधारित द्रोणियों का वितरण बताइए। खम्भात (कैम्बे) द्रोणी के भूविज्ञान पर चर्चा कीजिए।
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Q 6(c). Give a brief account on the volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit. Cite suitable Indian examples. (UPSC 2025, 20 Marks, 250 Words)

ज्वालामुखीय स्थूल सल्फाइड (VMS) निक्षेप का एक संक्षिप्त विवरण दीजिए। भारत से समुचित उदाहरण उद्धृत कीजिए।
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Q 7(a). Discuss the direct and indirect geochemical methods used for prospecting of hydrocarbon deposits. (UPSC 2025, 20 Marks, 250 Words)

हाइड्रोकार्बन निक्षेपों के अन्वेषण में प्रयुक्त प्रत्यक्ष और अप्रत्यक्ष भूरासायनिक विधियों की विवेचना कीजिए।
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Q 7(b). What are the physiological and morphological changes of the plants helpful in geobotanical prospecting of copper, manganese and uranium deposits? Add a note on commonly found plant indicators for zinc. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

ताँबा, मैंगनीज व यूरेनियम निक्षेपों के भूवानस्पतिकीय अन्वेषण में पादपों के कौन-से कार्यिकीय एवं आकारिकीय बदलाव मददगार होते हैं? जस्ते के आमतौर पर मिलने वाले सूचक पादपों पर एक टिप्पणी लिखिए।
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Q 7(c). What do you understand by 'tonnage factor'? Discuss the geometric and graphic methods used in reserve calculation. (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

'टनेज फैक्टर' से आप क्या समझते हैं? भंडारों के संगणन में प्रयुक्त होने वाली ज्यामितिक व लेखाचित्रीय विधियों की विवेचना कीजिए।
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Q 8(a). What do you understand by isomorphism and polymorphism? Discuss monotropy by citing example of diamond and graphite. (UPSC 2025, 20 Marks, 250 Words)

समरूपता व बहुरूपता से आप क्या समझते हैं? हीरा एवं ग्रेफाइट का उदाहरण देते हुए मोनोट्रॉपी की विवेचना कीजिए।
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Introduction
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Q 8(b). What are the most important conditions necessary for safe disposal of radioactive waste in geological repositories? Add a note on the concept of multiple barriers to protect biosphere and hydrosphere. (Give suitable diagrams wherever necessary.) (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

रेडियोधर्मी कचरे के भूवैज्ञानिकीय निक्षेपागारों में सुरक्षित निस्तारण हेतु कौन-सी अति महत्त्वपूर्ण परिस्थितियाँ जरूरी होती हैं? बायोस्फेयर व हाइड्रोस्फेयर को बचाने के लिए बहुरोधकों के सिद्धान्त पर एक टिप्पणी लिखिए। (जहाँ आवश्यक हो उपयुक्त चित्र दीजिए।)
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Introduction
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Q 8(c). What are the major environmental considerations while treating with the disseminated precious metal mine waste? (UPSC 2025, 15 Marks, 200 Words)

प्रकीर्ण कीमती धातु की खान के निस्तारित कचरे के उपचार के समय पर्यावरण सम्बन्धी कौन-से मुख्य विचारणीय विषय होते हैं?
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